{"id":1737,"date":"2021-12-13T15:38:06","date_gmt":"2021-12-13T08:38:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/52.76.64.37\/?p=1737"},"modified":"2021-12-13T15:38:06","modified_gmt":"2021-12-13T08:38:06","slug":"hoi-dap-ve-chuong-trinh-mon-hoa-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/hoi-dap-ve-chuong-trinh-mon-hoa-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a H\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Q. <\/em>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a H\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\n
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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/u>; t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/u>; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/u> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/u> d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh<\/u>.<\/p>\n

- M\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, ti\u1ebfp thu kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 trong khu v\u1ef1c; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m sinh l\u00ed l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trang b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc chung v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

- M\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n; tr\u00e1nh khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

- M\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tri th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

- C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, nh\u1eb1m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc?<\/h3>\r\n
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Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/u>, s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/u> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eeba b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i dung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1eeba gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf chung c\u1ee7a ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong m\u1ed7i n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ba chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 s\u00e2u, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a H\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\r\n
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M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc<\/u>; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chung<\/u>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan khoa h\u1ecdc; h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a H\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\n
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- M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

- Trong m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1<\/u> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n; t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ebd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

- Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/u>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1<\/u> cho h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u01a1\u201d gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ee9c tranh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (v\u00ec trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7u \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh tham quan c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>M\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chung v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 cho h\u1ecdc sinh?<\/h3>\r\n
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M\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chung theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c: n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\n
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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi 3 m\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/u>: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chung; h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/p>\n

+ Tr\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chung v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi \u2013 h\u00f3a kh\u1eed, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, pin \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7<\/p>\n

\u0111\u1ec1: Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3mVIIA; Nitrogen v\u00e0 Sulfur; Pin \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0<\/p>\n

\u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n; \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i; Nguy\u00ean t\u00f4\u0301 nh\u00f3m IA v\u00e0<\/p>\n

nh\u00f3m IIA; S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ea\u0300 d\u00e3y kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1; Hydrocarbon; D\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t halogen, Alcohol \u2013Phenol; H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t carbonyl (Aldehyde \u2013 Ketone) - Carboxylic acid ; Ester \u2013 Lipid; Carbohydrate; H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nitrogen; Polymer;<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c?<\/h3>\r\n
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B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i (70 ti\u1ebft\/l\u1edbp\/n\u0103m), trong m\u1ed7i n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1<\/u> (35 ti\u1ebft\/l\u1edbp\/n\u0103m). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 s\u00e2u<\/u>, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00e2ng cao ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/u>; T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/u>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\r\n
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\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/u>; tr\u00e1nh khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/u>, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c hoa\u0301 h\u1ecdc<\/u> v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\n
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- S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh gi\u1ea3n, r\u00fat g\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0: Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 oxygen, phosphorus, carbon-silicon; l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf b\u00e0i nh\u00f4m \u2013 s\u1eaft; nitric acid; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1;... m\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

- Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 d\u00e3y kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

- Trong ph\u1ea7n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m: \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1; Hydrocarbon; D\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t halogen \u2013 Alcohol \u2013 Phenol; H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t carbonyl (Aldehyde \u2013 Ketone) \u2013 Carboxylic acid, Ester \u2013 Lipid; Carbohydrate; H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nitrogen; Polymer. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (danh ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1), b\u1ecf cycloalkane, alkadiene, terpene v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hydrocarbon th\u01a1m (styrene, naphthalene). B\u1ed5 sung ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i, ph\u1ed5 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n di.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec khi d\u1ea1y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc? C\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n?<\/h3>\r\n
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Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean khi d\u1ea1y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/u>; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f4ng<\/u> h\u1ecdc sinh, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9<\/u>, kh\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, th\u00f3i quen t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ch\u01b0a ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc sinh<\/u> l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/u> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00ec thi; t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/u>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\n
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Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc sau:<\/p>\n

- Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1ttri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

- Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t: Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5ttrong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4nHo\u00e1 hoc v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

- Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp: Danh ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) c\u00f3 tham kh\u1ea3o Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Vi\u1ec7t Nam (TCVN 5529:2010 v\u00e0 5530:2010 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 2950- Q\u0110\/BKHCN c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7), ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

- Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean 13 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 quen d\u00f9ng trong ti\u1ebfngVi\u1ec7t: v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ec, s\u1eaft, nh\u00f4m, k\u1ebdm, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, thi\u1ebfc, nit\u01a1, natri, kali v\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n tra c\u1ee9u. H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean theo khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a IUPAC.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc chung v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng? Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng qu\u00e1 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\r\n
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- Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xung quanh v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. V\u1eady khi cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (lo\u1ea1i) ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1edb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i (lo\u1ea1i) ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1edbi, do v\u1eady h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

- Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf l\u1edbp 10 s\u1ebd trang b\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 2 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc), t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t (v\u1eadt li,\u0301 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc; qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc: xem x\u00e9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hay kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng).<\/p>\n

- V\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ph\u1ea7n C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh; Ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00ednh enthalpy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc (enthalpy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc (k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u \u2206rH) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t k\u00e8m theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i.N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7tth\u00ec \u2206rH< 0;thu nhi\u1ec7t \u2206rH > 0) ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cho s\u1eb5n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady HS ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>N\u1ed9i dung Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc THPT c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o?<\/h3>\r\n
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N\u1ed9i dung Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sau: Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbith\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t,thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tinh gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh (l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i nitric acid, nh\u00f4m, s\u1eaft\u2026); B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u1ed9i dung hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0: xu h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t\u2026 Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chung v\u1edbi H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chung v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1 (v\u00e0 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1) cho h\u1ecdc sinh...<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (MS) v\u00e0o Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc b\u1eadcTrung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\r\n
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Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (MS) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia \u00e2m c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tia d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eafc ki\u0301kh\u00ed. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1nh) hay d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u1ec7m s\u00f4i). C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Nh\u1edd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o ph\u1ed5 MS c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n co\u0301th\u00ea\u0309cho bi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi) m\u00e1y \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ph\u1ed5 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i Ir v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n NMr) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn (Anh, M\u1ef9, Singapore, \u00dac\u2026), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. H\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y tr\u00e0n lan v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i (Ir) v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\r\n
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N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 MS cho bi\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u0301, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho ph\u00e9p ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 MS v\u00e0 Ir v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1eeba g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi c\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay. \u1ede c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 cho ph\u1ed5 Ir \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u1ed5 Ir c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh\u2026<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecdc sinh?<\/h3>\r\n
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M\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau: n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/u>; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/u>; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng<\/u> ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc. Trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t; c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc; c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t, thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin; ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, x\u1eed l\u00ed s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u; gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch; d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n; m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng x\u1eed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng...<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c?<\/h3>\r\n
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Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc cho m\u1ed7i n\u1ed9i dung, m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng sau:<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/u>: C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m; V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cho h\u1ecdc sinh m\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/u>: T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1, h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

+ K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM<\/u> trong d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc To\u00e1n \u2013 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u2013 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

+ S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/u> (b\u00e0i t\u1eadp m\u1edf, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i,...), c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung g\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/u>, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Q. <\/em>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/h3>\r\n
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M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. a) H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/u>: K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean), \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft (\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n,th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh.<\/li>\n
  2. b) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/u>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u2013 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qua tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qua d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t. \u2013 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp (b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn, b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1ch quan, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi mi\u1ec7ng, thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh, b\u00e0i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,...) v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qua quan s\u00e1t (th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m, l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, tham quan th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba,\u2026).<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Q. <\/em>\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u00ec?<\/h3>\r\n
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    - M\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00edthuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khi h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

    - Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00f9y v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng tr\u1ef1c quan nh\u01b0: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, bi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng video th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea3o,... v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ki\u0303thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu, internet v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n; ...<\/p>\n

    - \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e1 l\u00ed v\u00e0 Ho\u00e1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u01a1; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc theo danh ph\u00e1p IUPAC v\u00ec v\u1eady GV s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u sau s\u1ebd quen.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Q. <\/em>STEM c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc sinh hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\r\n
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    STEM kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. M\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM v\u00e0o d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Q. <\/em>Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc?<\/h3>\r\n
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    Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/u>. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    Q. <\/em>Trong m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f3, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nguy hi\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, quy lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc?<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n

    Trong m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f3, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nguy hi\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u00ec gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u00f9y theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho HS thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/u> ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc<\/u> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea3o<\/u>, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/u>, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/u> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Q. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a H\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o? Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba….<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[105],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1737"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1737"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1737\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1740,"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1737\/revisions\/1740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1737"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gesd.edu.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}